Test Prep LSAT Section 1 Logical Reasoning Exam Practice Questions (P. 5)
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Question #41
Mr. Miko is very good at the sport of Judo. Therefore, Mr. Miko is a good sport.
The author of the argument above relies upon which one of the following to arrive at a conclusion?
The author of the argument above relies upon which one of the following to arrive at a conclusion?
- Apurposely overestimating Mr. Miko's ability in Jodo.
- Bgeneralizing from a particular example.
- Cestablishing a specific case based upon a general occurrence.
- Destablishing a casual relationship.
- Eassuming a similarity of meaning between "good at a sport" and "good sport"
Correct Answer:
E
The author of this argument does not see the difference between "good at a sport" and "good sport"
E
The author of this argument does not see the difference between "good at a sport" and "good sport"
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Question #42
The rural community of Pottsville has a low crime rate. Urban Los Angeles has a high crime rate. Shady Junction, a small agricultural community, has a high rate of criminal activity. The city of Washington, D.C. has a low rate of criminal activity. Which one of the following most clearly expresses the main point in the passage above?
- AUrban communities generally have higher crime rates.
- BCrime is rampant in all communities.
- CRural communities generally have higher crime rates.
- DCrime is not solely an urban or rural phenomenon.
- EUrban crime is more violent than rural crime.
Correct Answer:
D
The passage points out that crime rates can be high or low in rural or urban communities.
D
The passage points out that crime rates can be high or low in rural or urban communities.
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Question #43
If Jack were a first baseman for the New York Mets, he would be rich. He is not a first baseman, since he is not rich. The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider the possibility that Jack could be
- Aa rich third baseman.
- Ba first baseman for another team.
- Crich for some other reason.
- Da guard for the Boston Celtics.
- Ea second baseman for the New York Mets.
Correct Answer:
B
The logical conclusion from the statements is that, since Jack is not rich, he is not a first baseman for the New York Mets, not that he is not a first baseman. He could be a first baseman for some other team and be rich.
B
The logical conclusion from the statements is that, since Jack is not rich, he is not a first baseman for the New York Mets, not that he is not a first baseman. He could be a first baseman for some other team and be rich.
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Question #44
All Italian greyhounds are graceful and fast, but some are nervous. Graceful and fast greyhounds are slender, but nervous greyhounds are unpredictable. If the statements are true, all of the following must be true EXCEPT
- Aall Italian greyhounds are slender
- Bsome greyhounds are nervous
- Cno Italian greyhounds are slow
- DNo Italian greyhounds are predictable
- Eall Italian greyhounds are graceful
Correct Answer:
D
All Italian greyhounds are graceful and fast C., E., and graceful and fast greyhounds are slender, so all Italian greyhounds are slender A.. If some graceful and fast
Italian greyhounds are nervous, then some greyhounds are nervous B..
D
All Italian greyhounds are graceful and fast C., E., and graceful and fast greyhounds are slender, so all Italian greyhounds are slender A.. If some graceful and fast
Italian greyhounds are nervous, then some greyhounds are nervous B..
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Question #45
Read the following passage and answer the question below:
Politician: The funding for the new nationwide health-awareness campaign should come from an increase in taxes on cigarettes. It is well established that cigarette smoking causes many serious health problems, and it is only reasonable that people whose unhealthful habits cause so many health problems should bear the costs of that campaign.
Smoker: But it is equally well established that regularly eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods causes as many serious health problems as does smoking, yet it would be manifestly unreasonable to force those who purchase such foods to bear the burden of financing this campaign.
Which one of the following is the point at issue between the politician and the smoker?
Politician: The funding for the new nationwide health-awareness campaign should come from an increase in taxes on cigarettes. It is well established that cigarette smoking causes many serious health problems, and it is only reasonable that people whose unhealthful habits cause so many health problems should bear the costs of that campaign.
Smoker: But it is equally well established that regularly eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods causes as many serious health problems as does smoking, yet it would be manifestly unreasonable to force those who purchase such foods to bear the burden of financing this campaign.
Which one of the following is the point at issue between the politician and the smoker?
- Awhether the politician's proposal for financing the health-awareness campaign is an unreasonable one
- Bwhether smokers are more aware of the harmful effects of their habit than are people who regularly eat high-fat, high-cholesterol foods
- Cwhether the effects of smoking constitute a greater health hazard than do the effects of regularly eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods
- Dwhether it is unreasonable to require people who do not benefit from certain governmental programs to share the costs of those programs
- Ewhether the proposed increase on cigarette taxes is an efficient means of financing the health-awareness campaign
Correct Answer:
A
The stem indicates a standard Point at Issue question, so expect the combatants to lock horns. The politician favors an increased tax on cigarettes to fund a new health-awareness campaign. Smokers are responsible for so many health problems, she argueslet them pay for the program. Notice that its not a non-smoking campaign, however, but rather a general effort to make people more health conscious overall. And that seems to be what the smoker notices. He points out that others, by virtue of their habits, are also responsible for health problems, an example being consumers of high-fat, high-cholesterol foods. It would be unfair, he argues, to make that group pay for the campaign. Now, he doesnt come right out and say it, but hopefully you realized that by means of his example hes contesting the notion that smokers should pay for the campaign. He implies by way of analogy that forcing any one group with unhealthy habits to fund the campaign is unreasonable. The contested issue, therefore, is the basic one stated in A.: The politician believes her proposal is a reasonable one, and the smoker simply does not.
A
The stem indicates a standard Point at Issue question, so expect the combatants to lock horns. The politician favors an increased tax on cigarettes to fund a new health-awareness campaign. Smokers are responsible for so many health problems, she argueslet them pay for the program. Notice that its not a non-smoking campaign, however, but rather a general effort to make people more health conscious overall. And that seems to be what the smoker notices. He points out that others, by virtue of their habits, are also responsible for health problems, an example being consumers of high-fat, high-cholesterol foods. It would be unfair, he argues, to make that group pay for the campaign. Now, he doesnt come right out and say it, but hopefully you realized that by means of his example hes contesting the notion that smokers should pay for the campaign. He implies by way of analogy that forcing any one group with unhealthy habits to fund the campaign is unreasonable. The contested issue, therefore, is the basic one stated in A.: The politician believes her proposal is a reasonable one, and the smoker simply does not.
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Question #46
Read the following passage and answer the question below:
Politician: The funding for the new nationwide health-awareness campaign should come from an increase in taxes on cigarettes. It is well established that cigarette smoking causes many serious health problems, and it is only reasonable that people whose unhealthful habits cause so many health problems should bear the costs of that campaign.
Smoker: But it is equally well established that regularly eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods causes as many serious health problems as does smoking, yet it would be manifestly unreasonable to force those who purchase such foods to bear the burden of financing this campaign.
The smoker's response to the politician's argument
Politician: The funding for the new nationwide health-awareness campaign should come from an increase in taxes on cigarettes. It is well established that cigarette smoking causes many serious health problems, and it is only reasonable that people whose unhealthful habits cause so many health problems should bear the costs of that campaign.
Smoker: But it is equally well established that regularly eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods causes as many serious health problems as does smoking, yet it would be manifestly unreasonable to force those who purchase such foods to bear the burden of financing this campaign.
The smoker's response to the politician's argument
- Aoffers a counterexample that calls into question the politician's reasoning
- Bpresents an alternative solution to that proposed by the politician
- Cargues that the method proposed by the politician would be inadequate for its intended purpose
- Dquestions the accuracy of the information cited by the politician in reaching a conclusion
- Eillustrates how the politician's proposal could aggravate the problem it is intended to solve
Correct Answer:
A
Weve done all the work already just ferreting out the point of contention above, so A. should look good right away. We saw how the smoker implies, by means of his example, that smokers shouldnt bear the financial burden of the campaign. We saw also how the smoker never comes right out and says this, but its pretty obvious thanks to his example what his position is. The other group of unhealthy folks (the bad eaters) is the counterexample, and they are presented to cast doubt on the politician’s plan. Saying that it’s "manifestly unreasonable" leaves little question that he feels that it would be just as unreasonable to impose the tax on smokers.
A
Weve done all the work already just ferreting out the point of contention above, so A. should look good right away. We saw how the smoker implies, by means of his example, that smokers shouldnt bear the financial burden of the campaign. We saw also how the smoker never comes right out and says this, but its pretty obvious thanks to his example what his position is. The other group of unhealthy folks (the bad eaters) is the counterexample, and they are presented to cast doubt on the politician’s plan. Saying that it’s "manifestly unreasonable" leaves little question that he feels that it would be just as unreasonable to impose the tax on smokers.
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Question #47
There should be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol is a mixture of alcohol and gasoline, and has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds no more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants remove by photosynthesis.
Each of the following, if true, strengthens the argument above EXCEPT:
Each of the following, if true, strengthens the argument above EXCEPT:
- ACars run less well on gasoline than they do on gasohol.
- BSince less gasoline is needed with the use of gasohol, an energy shortage is less likely.
- CCars burn on the average slightly more gasohol per kilometer than they do gasoline.
- DGasohol is cheaper to produce and hence costs less at the pump than gasoline.
- EBurning gasoline adds more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants can remove.
Correct Answer:
C
This is a strengthen EXCEPT question which means that the correct answer will either weaken the argument or have no effect on it. The authors conclusion is the recommendation made in the first sentence: There should be greater use of gasohol. Why? Because it has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than gasoline, and the carbon dioxide it adds to the air is removed by photosynthesis. Pretty straightforward, so on to the answer choices. All of the incorrect answer choices will strengthen the conclusion that gasohol should be used instead of gasoline.C.is correct because it provides an advantage that gasoline has over gasohol, namely that cars burn more gasohol per kilometer than gasoline. In other words, gasoline cars get better mileage. This would weaken the recommendation that gasohol be used.
C
This is a strengthen EXCEPT question which means that the correct answer will either weaken the argument or have no effect on it. The authors conclusion is the recommendation made in the first sentence: There should be greater use of gasohol. Why? Because it has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than gasoline, and the carbon dioxide it adds to the air is removed by photosynthesis. Pretty straightforward, so on to the answer choices. All of the incorrect answer choices will strengthen the conclusion that gasohol should be used instead of gasoline.C.is correct because it provides an advantage that gasoline has over gasohol, namely that cars burn more gasohol per kilometer than gasoline. In other words, gasoline cars get better mileage. This would weaken the recommendation that gasohol be used.
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Question #48
Cats spend much of their time sleeping; they seem to awaken only to stretch and yawn. Yet they have a strong, agile musculature that most animals would have to exercise strenuously to acquire.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above?
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above?
- ACats have a greater physiological need for sleep than other animals.
- BMany other animals also spend much of their time sleeping yet have a strong, agile musculature.
- CCats are able to sleep in apparently uncomfortable positions.
- DCats derive ample exercise from frequent stretching.
- ECats require strength and agility in order to be effective predators.
Correct Answer:
D
The question stem tells you youll have to resolve or explain an apparent paradox. Therefore, your first step should have been to clearly identify the paradox. In this case, the stimulus tells you that even though cats mostly just stretch and yawn, they have a strong musculature that most animals would need lots of exercise to acquire. Note the Keyword "Yet" in the last sentence that alerts you to something unexpected coming up. And in fact, it is somewhat surprising that cats can get this musculature when all they do is sleep and stretch and yawn. The correct answer choice will explain how that can be.D.is correct because it shows how both parts of this argument could be true. If cats get ample exercise from frequent stretching, and we know from the argument that they do stretch, then that helps to explain how they get the exercise necessary to maintain their agile musculature
D
The question stem tells you youll have to resolve or explain an apparent paradox. Therefore, your first step should have been to clearly identify the paradox. In this case, the stimulus tells you that even though cats mostly just stretch and yawn, they have a strong musculature that most animals would need lots of exercise to acquire. Note the Keyword "Yet" in the last sentence that alerts you to something unexpected coming up. And in fact, it is somewhat surprising that cats can get this musculature when all they do is sleep and stretch and yawn. The correct answer choice will explain how that can be.D.is correct because it shows how both parts of this argument could be true. If cats get ample exercise from frequent stretching, and we know from the argument that they do stretch, then that helps to explain how they get the exercise necessary to maintain their agile musculature
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Question #49
Barnes: The two newest employees at this company have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Hence, the salaries and the complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which Barnes's argument depends?
Which one of the following is an assumption on which Barnes's argument depends?
- AThe duties of the two newest employees are not less complex than any others in the company.
- BIt is because of the complex duties assigned that the two newest employees are being paid more than is usually paid to newly hired employees.
- CThe two newest employees are not experienced at their occupations.
- DBarnes was not hired at a higher-than-average starting salary.
- EThe salaries of the two newest employees are no higher than the salaries that other companies pay for workers with a similar level of experience.
Correct Answer:
C
This is an Assumption question, so we will need the answer choice that connects the evidence with the conclusion. Barnes conclusion is that the salaries and complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced. (Conveniently, the conclusion is pointed out by the Keyword "Hence".) Why should they be reduced? Because these employees have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and they have duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Can you see whats going on here? By concluding from this evidence that the two new employees should have their salaries and duties reduced, the author is just assuming that these two new employees are like typical new employees: they must have simple tasks assigned to them, and they are inexperienced. But what if that werent true? What if they have nonsimple tasks assigned to them, or they are, in fact, experienced workers?
Then there would be no reason to reduce their salaries and duties; Barnes conclusion would not logically follow. So the author must be assuming that they are just like the typical new employee.
Once you have this kind of prephrase in your head, you can attack the answer choices.C.is correct because it tells us that the new employees are just like typical new employees in one important respectthey are not experienced at their occupations.
C
This is an Assumption question, so we will need the answer choice that connects the evidence with the conclusion. Barnes conclusion is that the salaries and complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced. (Conveniently, the conclusion is pointed out by the Keyword "Hence".) Why should they be reduced? Because these employees have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and they have duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Can you see whats going on here? By concluding from this evidence that the two new employees should have their salaries and duties reduced, the author is just assuming that these two new employees are like typical new employees: they must have simple tasks assigned to them, and they are inexperienced. But what if that werent true? What if they have nonsimple tasks assigned to them, or they are, in fact, experienced workers?
Then there would be no reason to reduce their salaries and duties; Barnes conclusion would not logically follow. So the author must be assuming that they are just like the typical new employee.
Once you have this kind of prephrase in your head, you can attack the answer choices.C.is correct because it tells us that the new employees are just like typical new employees in one important respectthey are not experienced at their occupations.
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Question #50
These days, drug companies and health professionals alike are focusing their attention on cholesterol in the blood. The more cholesterol we have in our blood, the higher the risk that we shall die of a heart attack. The issue is pertinent since heart disease kills more North Americans every year than any other single cause. At least three factorssmoking, drinking, and exercise can each influence levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?
Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?
- AIf a person has low blood cholesterol, then that person's risk of fatal heart disease is low.
- BSmoking in moderation can entail as great a risk of fatal heart disease as does heavy smoking.
- CA high-cholesterol diet is the principal cause of death in North America.
- DThe only way that smoking increases one's risk of fatal heart disease is by influencing the levels of cholesterol in the blood.
- EThe risk of fatal heart disease can be altered by certain changes in lifestyle.
Correct Answer:
E
Were looking for a proper conclusion, so it behooves us to read through the stimulus with an eye towards where its all heading. The topic is blood cholesterol, a relevant concern "these days." Sentence 2 offers what most would accept as conventional wisdom: the higher one’s cholesterol, the greater the risk of a heart attack. The following sentence tells us why this is important (heart disease is the number one killer in North America), and the passage ends with three factors that affect cholesterol. Not much of an argument; more like a collection of facts. But that makes sense, since it’s something that "can be properly concluded from the passage" that we’re after anyway. It’s hard to prephrase exactly what that conclusion might be, but you may have had a pretty good feeling that it would have something to do with the factors listed at the end. After all, the abrupt ending kind of begs the question "what about these factors? Why mention these?" Only B.,
D. and E. relate specifically to these factors, and the first two conclude more about smoking than we can infer from the passage (see below). But E. works: Blood cholesterol influences heart disease, and the factors that influence blood cholesterol are lifestyle choices. Put it together, and its proper to conclude that the risk of fatal heart disease can be influenced by changes in such choices.
E
Were looking for a proper conclusion, so it behooves us to read through the stimulus with an eye towards where its all heading. The topic is blood cholesterol, a relevant concern "these days." Sentence 2 offers what most would accept as conventional wisdom: the higher one’s cholesterol, the greater the risk of a heart attack. The following sentence tells us why this is important (heart disease is the number one killer in North America), and the passage ends with three factors that affect cholesterol. Not much of an argument; more like a collection of facts. But that makes sense, since it’s something that "can be properly concluded from the passage" that we’re after anyway. It’s hard to prephrase exactly what that conclusion might be, but you may have had a pretty good feeling that it would have something to do with the factors listed at the end. After all, the abrupt ending kind of begs the question "what about these factors? Why mention these?" Only B.,
D. and E. relate specifically to these factors, and the first two conclude more about smoking than we can infer from the passage (see below). But E. works: Blood cholesterol influences heart disease, and the factors that influence blood cholesterol are lifestyle choices. Put it together, and its proper to conclude that the risk of fatal heart disease can be influenced by changes in such choices.
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